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Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial
A Due1, S Toubro1, A R Skov1 and A Astrup1
1Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Correspondence to: Dr A Astrup, Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. E-mail: ast@kvl.dk
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that a fat-reduced high-protein diet had more favourable effects on body weight loss over 6 months than a medium-protein diet.
OBJECTIVE: To extend this observation by a further 6-12 months less stringent intervention and a 24 months follow-up.
DESIGN: A randomised 6 months strictly controlled dietary intervention followed by 6-12 months dietary counselling period, and a subsequent 24 months follow-up, comparing an ad libitum, fat-reduced diet (30% of energy) either high in protein (25% of energy, HP) or medium in protein (12% of energy, MP).
SUBJECTS: A total of 50 overweight and obese subjects (age: 19-55 y; BMI: 26-34 kg/m2).
MEASUREMENTS: Change in body weight, body composition and blood parameters.
RESULTS: After 6 months, the HP group (n=23) achieved a greater weight loss than the MP group (n=23) (9.4 vs 5.9 kg) (P<0.01). After 12 months, 8% had dropped out in the HP vs 28% in the MP group (P<0.07). After 12 months, the weight loss was not significantly greater among the subjects in the HP group (6.2 and 4.3 kg), but they had a 10% greater reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and more in the HP group (17%) lost >10 kg than in the MP (P<0.09). At 24 months, both groups tended to maintain their 12 months weight loss, but more than 50% were lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSION: A fat-reduced diet high in protein seems to enhance weight loss and provide a better long-term maintenance of reduced intra-abdominal fat stores.
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A common polymorphism in the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with overweight
I Wernstedt1,4, A-L Eriksson2, A Berndtsson1,4, J Hoffstedt3, S Skrtic2, T Hedner2, L M Hultén4, O Wiklund4, C Ohlsson1 and J-O Jansson1,4
1Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism (RCEM), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
3Department of Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
4Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Correspondence to: Professor J-O Jansson, RCEM, Endocrine Division, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna strket 8, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail: JOJ@medic.gu.se
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Human body fat mass is to a large extent genetically determined, but little is known about the susceptibility genes for common obesity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppresses body fat mass in rodents, and IL-6 treatment increases energy expenditure in both rodents and humans. The -174 G/C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-6 gene promoter is common in many populations, and -174 C-containing promoters have been found to be weaker enhancers of transcription. Moreover, a SNP at position -572 in the IL-6 promoter has recently been reported to affect transcription. The objective was to investigate the association between the IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and obesity.
DESIGN: Trans-sectional association study of IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and indices of obesity.
SUBJECTS: Two study populations, the larger one consisting of hypertensive individuals (mean age 57 y, 73% males, n=485) and the other consisting of 20 y younger nonobese healthy females (n=74).
MEASUREMENTS: Genotyping for the -174 IL-6 G/C and the -572 G/C SNPs, body mass index (BMI), serum leptin levels, serum IL-6 levels, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose and various blood lipids.
RESULTS: The common -174 C allele (fC=0.46), but not any -572 allele, was associated with higher BMI and higher serum leptin levels in both study populations. In the larger population, there were significant odds ratios for the association of CC (2.13) and GC (1.76) genotypes with overweight (BMI>25 kg/m2). Moreover, as the C allele was common, it accounted for a significant population-attributable risk of overweight (12%; CI 2-21%), although its average effect was modest in this sample.
CONCLUSION: Genetically determined individual differences in production of IL-6 may be relevant for the regulation of body fat mass.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1272-1279. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802763
Published online 10 August 2004
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Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of lean and overweight humans
K Minehira1, N Vega2, H Vidal2, K Acheson3 and L Tappy1
1Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France
3Nestlé Research Centre, NESTEC SA, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
Correspondence to: Professor L Tappy, Département de Physiologie, 7 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. E-mail: Luc.Tappy@iphysiol.unil.ch
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Lipids stored in adipose tissue can originate from dietary lipids or from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) from carbohydrates. Whether DNL is abnormal in adipose tissue of overweight individuals remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on glucose-induced whole body DNL and adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression in lean and overweight humans.
DESIGN: Prospective, cross-over study.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 11 lean (five male, six female, mean BMI 21.0±0.5 kg/m2) and eight overweight (four males, four females, mean BMI 30.1±0.6 kg/m2) volunteers were studied on two occasions. On one occasion, they received an isoenergetic diet containing 50% carbohydrate for 4 days prior to testing; on the other, they received a hyperenergetic diet (175% energy requirements) containing 71% carbohydrates. After each period of 4 days of controlled diet, they were studied over 6 h after having received 3.25 g glucose/kg fat free mass. Whole body glucose oxidation and net DNL were monitored by means of indirect calorimetry. An adipose tissue biopsy was obtained at the end of this 6-h period and the levels of SREBP-1c, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA were measured by real-time PCR.
RESULTS: After isocaloric feeding, whole body net DNL amounted to 35±9 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean subiects and to 49±3 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in overweight subjects over the 5 h following glucose ingestion. These figures increased (P<0.001) to 156±21 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean and 64±11 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h (P<0.05 vs lean) in overweight subjects after carbohydrate overfeeding. Whole body DNL after overfeeding was lower (P<0.001) and glycogen synthesis was higher (P<0.001) in overweight than in normal subjects. Adipose tissue SREBP-1c mRNA increased by 25% in overweight and by 43% in lean subjects (P<0.05) after carbohydrate overfeeding, whereas fatty acid synthase mRNA increased by 66 and 84% (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Whole body net DNL is not increased during carbohydrate overfeeding in overweight individuals. Stimulation of adipose lipogenic enzymes is also not higher in overweight subjects. Carbohydrate overfeeding does not stimulate whole body net DNL nor expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue to a larger extent in overweight than lean subjects.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1291-1298. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802760
Published online 10 August 2004
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Night eating and weight change in middle-aged men and women
G S Andersen1,2,3, A J Stunkard4, T I A Sørensen2, L Petersen2 and B L Heitmann1,2
1Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen K, Denmark
2Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen K, Denmark
3Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
4Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Correspondence to: Dr BL Heitmann, Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Kommunehospitalet, DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: BLH@ipm.hosp.dk
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the habit of eating at night, and the 5-y preceding and 6-y subsequent weight changes in a middle-aged population, with particular focus on the obese.
DESIGN: Prospective study with initial examination of the cohort in 1982-83, re-examination in 1987-88 and a third examination in 1992-93.
SUBJECTS: The Danish MONICA cohort includes an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the population from the Western part of the Copenhagen County. Out of 2987 subjects participating in 1987-88, a total of 1050 women and 1061 men had been examined in 1982-83, and 1993-94 too. Subjects working night shifts were excluded.
MEASUREMENTS: Night eating in 1987-88, 5-y preceding and 6-y subsequent weight change.
RESULTS: In total, 9.0% women and 7.4% men reported 'getting up at night to eat'. Obese women with night eating experienced an average 6-y weight gain of 5.2 kg (P=0.004), whereas only 0.9 kg average weight gain was seen among obese women who did not get up at night to eat. No significant associations were found among all women, or between night eating and the 5-y preceding weight change for women. Night eating and weight change were not associated among men.
CONCLUSION: Night eating was not associated with later weight gain, except among already obese women, suggesting that getting up at night to eat may be a contributor to further weight gain among the obese.
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Weight loss without losing muscle mass in pre-obese and obese subjects induced by a high-soy-protein diet
P Deibert1, D König1, A Schmidt-Trucksaess1, K S Zaenker2, I Frey1, U Landmann1 and A Berg1
1Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
2Institute of Immunology, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
Correspondence to: Dr P Deibert, Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: deibert@msm1.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine change of weight, body composition, metabolic and hormonal parameters induced by different intervention protocols.
DESIGN: Randomized, controlled study including participants exhibiting a BMI between 27.5 and 35. Three different interventions containing lifestyle education (LE-G), or a substitutional diet containing a high-soy-protein low-fat diet with (SD/PA-G) or without (SD-G) a guided physical activity program.
SUBJECTS: A total of 90 subjects (mean weight 89.9 kg; mean BMI 31.5), randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups.
MEASUREMENTS: Change in body weight, fat mass and lean body mass measured with the Bod PodÒ device at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months; change in metabolic and hormonal parameters.
RESULTS: In all, 83 subjects completed the 6-months study. BMI dropped highly significantly in all groups (LE-G: -2.2±1.43 kg/m2; SD-G: -3.1±1.29 kg/m2; SD/PA-G: -3.0±1.29 kg/m2). Subjects in the SD-G and in the SD/PA-G lost more weight during the 6-months study (-8.9±3.9; -8.9±3.9 kg) than did those in the LE-G (-6.2±4.2 kg), and had a greater decrease in fat mass (-8.8±4.27; -9.4±4.54 kg) than those in the LE-G (-6.6±4.59 kg). In contrast, no significant intraindividual or between-group changes in the fat-free mass were seen. In all groups, metabolic parameters showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a high-soy-protein and low-fat diet can improve the body composition in overweight and obese people, losing fat but preserving muscle mass.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1349-1352. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802765
Published online 10 August 2004
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Just some good reads IMO......
A Due1, S Toubro1, A R Skov1 and A Astrup1
1Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
Correspondence to: Dr A Astrup, Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. E-mail: ast@kvl.dk
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that a fat-reduced high-protein diet had more favourable effects on body weight loss over 6 months than a medium-protein diet.
OBJECTIVE: To extend this observation by a further 6-12 months less stringent intervention and a 24 months follow-up.
DESIGN: A randomised 6 months strictly controlled dietary intervention followed by 6-12 months dietary counselling period, and a subsequent 24 months follow-up, comparing an ad libitum, fat-reduced diet (30% of energy) either high in protein (25% of energy, HP) or medium in protein (12% of energy, MP).
SUBJECTS: A total of 50 overweight and obese subjects (age: 19-55 y; BMI: 26-34 kg/m2).
MEASUREMENTS: Change in body weight, body composition and blood parameters.
RESULTS: After 6 months, the HP group (n=23) achieved a greater weight loss than the MP group (n=23) (9.4 vs 5.9 kg) (P<0.01). After 12 months, 8% had dropped out in the HP vs 28% in the MP group (P<0.07). After 12 months, the weight loss was not significantly greater among the subjects in the HP group (6.2 and 4.3 kg), but they had a 10% greater reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and more in the HP group (17%) lost >10 kg than in the MP (P<0.09). At 24 months, both groups tended to maintain their 12 months weight loss, but more than 50% were lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSION: A fat-reduced diet high in protein seems to enhance weight loss and provide a better long-term maintenance of reduced intra-abdominal fat stores.
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A common polymorphism in the interleukin-6 gene promoter is associated with overweight
I Wernstedt1,4, A-L Eriksson2, A Berndtsson1,4, J Hoffstedt3, S Skrtic2, T Hedner2, L M Hultén4, O Wiklund4, C Ohlsson1 and J-O Jansson1,4
1Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism (RCEM), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
2Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
3Department of Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
4Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Correspondence to: Professor J-O Jansson, RCEM, Endocrine Division, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna strket 8, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail: JOJ@medic.gu.se
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Human body fat mass is to a large extent genetically determined, but little is known about the susceptibility genes for common obesity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) suppresses body fat mass in rodents, and IL-6 treatment increases energy expenditure in both rodents and humans. The -174 G/C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-6 gene promoter is common in many populations, and -174 C-containing promoters have been found to be weaker enhancers of transcription. Moreover, a SNP at position -572 in the IL-6 promoter has recently been reported to affect transcription. The objective was to investigate the association between the IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and obesity.
DESIGN: Trans-sectional association study of IL-6 gene promoter SNPs and indices of obesity.
SUBJECTS: Two study populations, the larger one consisting of hypertensive individuals (mean age 57 y, 73% males, n=485) and the other consisting of 20 y younger nonobese healthy females (n=74).
MEASUREMENTS: Genotyping for the -174 IL-6 G/C and the -572 G/C SNPs, body mass index (BMI), serum leptin levels, serum IL-6 levels, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose and various blood lipids.
RESULTS: The common -174 C allele (fC=0.46), but not any -572 allele, was associated with higher BMI and higher serum leptin levels in both study populations. In the larger population, there were significant odds ratios for the association of CC (2.13) and GC (1.76) genotypes with overweight (BMI>25 kg/m2). Moreover, as the C allele was common, it accounted for a significant population-attributable risk of overweight (12%; CI 2-21%), although its average effect was modest in this sample.
CONCLUSION: Genetically determined individual differences in production of IL-6 may be relevant for the regulation of body fat mass.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1272-1279. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802763
Published online 10 August 2004
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of lean and overweight humans
K Minehira1, N Vega2, H Vidal2, K Acheson3 and L Tappy1
1Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon, France
3Nestlé Research Centre, NESTEC SA, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
Correspondence to: Professor L Tappy, Département de Physiologie, 7 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. E-mail: Luc.Tappy@iphysiol.unil.ch
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Lipids stored in adipose tissue can originate from dietary lipids or from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) from carbohydrates. Whether DNL is abnormal in adipose tissue of overweight individuals remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on glucose-induced whole body DNL and adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression in lean and overweight humans.
DESIGN: Prospective, cross-over study.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 11 lean (five male, six female, mean BMI 21.0±0.5 kg/m2) and eight overweight (four males, four females, mean BMI 30.1±0.6 kg/m2) volunteers were studied on two occasions. On one occasion, they received an isoenergetic diet containing 50% carbohydrate for 4 days prior to testing; on the other, they received a hyperenergetic diet (175% energy requirements) containing 71% carbohydrates. After each period of 4 days of controlled diet, they were studied over 6 h after having received 3.25 g glucose/kg fat free mass. Whole body glucose oxidation and net DNL were monitored by means of indirect calorimetry. An adipose tissue biopsy was obtained at the end of this 6-h period and the levels of SREBP-1c, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA were measured by real-time PCR.
RESULTS: After isocaloric feeding, whole body net DNL amounted to 35±9 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean subiects and to 49±3 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in overweight subjects over the 5 h following glucose ingestion. These figures increased (P<0.001) to 156±21 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean and 64±11 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h (P<0.05 vs lean) in overweight subjects after carbohydrate overfeeding. Whole body DNL after overfeeding was lower (P<0.001) and glycogen synthesis was higher (P<0.001) in overweight than in normal subjects. Adipose tissue SREBP-1c mRNA increased by 25% in overweight and by 43% in lean subjects (P<0.05) after carbohydrate overfeeding, whereas fatty acid synthase mRNA increased by 66 and 84% (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Whole body net DNL is not increased during carbohydrate overfeeding in overweight individuals. Stimulation of adipose lipogenic enzymes is also not higher in overweight subjects. Carbohydrate overfeeding does not stimulate whole body net DNL nor expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue to a larger extent in overweight than lean subjects.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1291-1298. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802760
Published online 10 August 2004
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Night eating and weight change in middle-aged men and women
G S Andersen1,2,3, A J Stunkard4, T I A Sørensen2, L Petersen2 and B L Heitmann1,2
1Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen K, Denmark
2Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen K, Denmark
3Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
4Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Correspondence to: Dr BL Heitmann, Research Unit for Dietary Studies, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Kommunehospitalet, DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark. E-mail: BLH@ipm.hosp.dk
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the habit of eating at night, and the 5-y preceding and 6-y subsequent weight changes in a middle-aged population, with particular focus on the obese.
DESIGN: Prospective study with initial examination of the cohort in 1982-83, re-examination in 1987-88 and a third examination in 1992-93.
SUBJECTS: The Danish MONICA cohort includes an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the population from the Western part of the Copenhagen County. Out of 2987 subjects participating in 1987-88, a total of 1050 women and 1061 men had been examined in 1982-83, and 1993-94 too. Subjects working night shifts were excluded.
MEASUREMENTS: Night eating in 1987-88, 5-y preceding and 6-y subsequent weight change.
RESULTS: In total, 9.0% women and 7.4% men reported 'getting up at night to eat'. Obese women with night eating experienced an average 6-y weight gain of 5.2 kg (P=0.004), whereas only 0.9 kg average weight gain was seen among obese women who did not get up at night to eat. No significant associations were found among all women, or between night eating and the 5-y preceding weight change for women. Night eating and weight change were not associated among men.
CONCLUSION: Night eating was not associated with later weight gain, except among already obese women, suggesting that getting up at night to eat may be a contributor to further weight gain among the obese.
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Weight loss without losing muscle mass in pre-obese and obese subjects induced by a high-soy-protein diet
P Deibert1, D König1, A Schmidt-Trucksaess1, K S Zaenker2, I Frey1, U Landmann1 and A Berg1
1Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
2Institute of Immunology, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
Correspondence to: Dr P Deibert, Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: deibert@msm1.ukl.uni-freiburg.de
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine change of weight, body composition, metabolic and hormonal parameters induced by different intervention protocols.
DESIGN: Randomized, controlled study including participants exhibiting a BMI between 27.5 and 35. Three different interventions containing lifestyle education (LE-G), or a substitutional diet containing a high-soy-protein low-fat diet with (SD/PA-G) or without (SD-G) a guided physical activity program.
SUBJECTS: A total of 90 subjects (mean weight 89.9 kg; mean BMI 31.5), randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups.
MEASUREMENTS: Change in body weight, fat mass and lean body mass measured with the Bod PodÒ device at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months; change in metabolic and hormonal parameters.
RESULTS: In all, 83 subjects completed the 6-months study. BMI dropped highly significantly in all groups (LE-G: -2.2±1.43 kg/m2; SD-G: -3.1±1.29 kg/m2; SD/PA-G: -3.0±1.29 kg/m2). Subjects in the SD-G and in the SD/PA-G lost more weight during the 6-months study (-8.9±3.9; -8.9±3.9 kg) than did those in the LE-G (-6.2±4.2 kg), and had a greater decrease in fat mass (-8.8±4.27; -9.4±4.54 kg) than those in the LE-G (-6.6±4.59 kg). In contrast, no significant intraindividual or between-group changes in the fat-free mass were seen. In all groups, metabolic parameters showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a high-soy-protein and low-fat diet can improve the body composition in overweight and obese people, losing fat but preserving muscle mass.
International Journal of Obesity (2004) 28, 1349-1352. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802765
Published online 10 August 2004
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Just some good reads IMO......
