EtOH = Ethanol
carboxil and aldehyde are functional groups, nothing that you add, its something that forms
kinda hard to explain without jsut drawing it out, but your ripping out a double bond which leaves the ring open, this is what forms on each end. the last step recloses this ring.
1:1 molar should do it for all of them, maybe a 1.5:1 to have some excess